Marriage and Aunt Jennifer Essay

Adrienne Rich’s poem ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ is about how Aunt Jennifer is becoming fragile and potentially old, but Rich used the idea of Aunt Jennifer’s tapestry and the tigers as some form of release, as the poem suggests that she is tightly governed by her husband. The phrases ‘massive weight of Uncle’s wedding band’ and ‘sits heavily’. Later on in the poem, in the last stanza, Rich uses the ring as a metaphor again, ‘still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by’. By using the word ‘ringed’, he enforces the idea that Aunt Jennifer is trapped, almost binded to a certain way of life because of her marriage to that particular man. ‘A Marriage’, by Carol Rumens is a rather confusing poem at first, but the more times you read it, the more you understand the poem, and begin to develop some ideas on who is speaking and the situation they are in. The husband in the marriage seems to be away a lot, but his wife does not seem to mind. She is the stereotypical housewife, and feels content just washing and cleaning the family home. There is a sense of self contained togetherness in the second stanza, where the persona speaks about ‘a picture of marriage as a whole small civilisation’. On the surface, it sounds like a perfect marriage. The children also seemed to be of the sensible sort; they had their teenage years and went away, and now they come back, presumably because they liked it at the home. The marriage is described as traditional, as the couple seem to be ‘trusting the old rules’, hoping they will keep the relationship together. The husband’s ego seems to be growing however, and is putting a strain on the relationship between the husband and the persona. The persona doesn’t like how the husband treats his wife; she may potentially be his mistress and also be jealous.

The Pulmonary Function Tests Health And Social Care Essay

Development of our state has lead to rapid urbanisation and there is addition usage of cars that is worsening environmental pollution. Occupational exposure to automobile fumes and industrial fumes has been shown to impact operation of different systems of the organic structure. The present survey was taken up to measure the Pulmonary Function Tests ( PFT ) in car jinrikisha drivers of Gulbarga metropolis. Methods: Fifty non -smoker male car drivers in the age group of 20-50 old ages for more than 5 old ages of car driving experience formed the survey group. Age and sex matched persons non exposed to car rickshaw driving [ administrative staff ] formed the control group. Pulmonary map parametric quantities FVC, FEV1, FEV1 % , PEFR, PIFR, FEF25-75, FEF50 and MVV were assessed utilizing computerized Spiro metre during their on the job hours and were statistically analyzed. Consequences: There was a extremely important lessening in FVC and FEV1 in survey group compared to command group. The lessening in FEV1 % , PIFR, FEF25-75 and FEF50 were statistically important but the lessening in PEFR and MVV were statistically non-significant. Decision: Our findings point towards the inauspicious effects of vehicle fumes on lung maps, chiefly on lower air passages with restrictive form of disease. Keywords: Cars, Auto drivers, Pulmonary maps trials.IntroductionNumerous epidemiological surveies have documented decreases in pneumonic map and assorted other wellness jobs associated with long term air pollution exposure1.Health effects of occupational exposure to crude oil bluess and air pollution from vehicular beginnings is comparatively undiscovered among car jinrikisha drivers. To run into the present twenty-four hours demand, there is an addition car usage and because of the prevailing function of gasolene [ gasoline ] as a motor vehicle fuel, the effects of gasolene engine emanations are potentially even greater jobs. In the individuals exposed to these pollutants, pneumonic map trials are used as testing trials to find their effects2.Therefore, the present survey is taken up to measure the alterations in Pulmonary Function Tests ( PFTs ) like Forced Vital Capacity ( FVC ) , Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second ( FEV1 ) , FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ( PEFR ) , Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate ( PIFR ) , Forced Expiratory Flow in 25-75 % of critical capacity ( FEF25-75 ) , Forced Expiratory Flow at 50 % of critical capacity ( FEF50 ) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation ( MVV ) of car jinrikisha drivers in Gulbarga metropolis.Materials & A ; Methods:The present survey was conducted in Salgar infirmary of Gulbarga metropolis. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee and each topic gave the consent. The survey group consisted of 50 males in the age group of 20-50 twelvemonth, who were driving car jinrikisha for 8 hours per twenty-four hours for more than 5 old ages in Gulbarga metropolis. The control group consisted of 50 males of same age group from administrative station, who were non exposed to car jinrikisha drive. The topics chosen in the survey and the control group had no history of allergic upsets, respiratory upsets like asthma, or any systemic disease, no history of smoke, masticating baccy and consumption of intoxicant. Age, tallness, and weight were recorded. All the Pulmonary maps were tested during twenty-four hours clip utilizing computerized Spiro metre [ MEDSPIROR ] .The topics were familiarized with the instrument. All the trials were carried out at the same clip of the twenty-four hours, between 10-11 AM. All the topics were in sitting place and have oning nose clips3. The topics were asked to take a breath forcefully following deep inspiration into the mouthpiece attached to the pneumatachometer. 3 trails of maximum Inspiratory and expiratory attempts were made and the best reading was taken for statistical analysis. Statistical method used in our survey was pupil ‘s odd T trial utilizing SPSS-16. The P & lt ; 0.05 was considered statistically important and P & lt ; 0.001 was considered extremely statistically important.Consequences:The average value of the ages of the topics was 36.4AÂ ±7.40 and that the average value of the controls was 34.8AÂ ±3.76. The average value of the highs of the topics was 170.40 AÂ ± 3.39 and the average value of the controls was 174.60 AÂ ± 4.15 and the average value of the weights of the topics was 72.60 AÂ ± 7.56 and that of the controls was 74.40 AÂ ± 8.24. The topics and controls did non differ significantly on above parametric quantities. Table-1: Comparison of lung volumes and capacities between survey and control groups Parameter Study group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD Control group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD p-value FVC ( L ) 2.77AÂ ±0.41 3.33AÂ ±0.50 0.001** FEV1 ( L ) 2.67AÂ ±0.46 3.11AÂ ±0.33 0.001** FEV1 % 88.25AÂ ±13.34 90.31AÂ ±10.12 0.050* MVV ( L/min ) 110.80AÂ ±18.63 130.16AÂ ±26.89 0.059 *P value & lt ; 0.05 is statistically Significant, **P value & lt ; 0.001 is extremely statistically Significant Table-2: Comparison of flow rates among survey and control groups Parameter Study group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD Control group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD P value PEFR ( L/min ) 5.47AÂ ±1.40 7.05AÂ ±1.59 0.15 PIFR ( L/min ) 2.21AÂ ±0.67 3.61AÂ ±1.10 0.04* FEF25-75 ( L/min ) 3.60AÂ ±1.33 4.85AÂ ±1.11 0.04* FEF50 ( L/min ) 4.16AÂ ±1.22 5.17AÂ ±1.32 0.05* *P value & lt ; 0.05 indicates statistically Significant value.Discussion:Occupational wellness has been deriving importance for the fact that long term exposure to vehicle fumes, gasoline and dust can take to a lasting morbidity. The acute wellness hazards involved are minimum, provided that the precautional methods are used in conformity with appropriate wellness and safety patterns. Highly statistically important lessening in FVC and FEV1 was observed in car drivers when compared to their controls, and their ratio ( FEV1 % ) was important between the two groups. This determination indicates the restrictive form of pneumonic engagement in the survey group. Auto jinrikisha drivers are at hazard of dust inspiration, gasoline vapour inspiration and besides inspiration of car fumes for a longer period of clip that is at least 8 hours per twenty-four hours for more than one twelvemonth and they have more opportunities of chronic engagement of lungs as indicated by the consequences in the present survey. The benzine content of gasoline has typically been in the scope 1-5 % may be an aggravating factor for the lung map abnormalcies observed as the survey groups were nonsmokers. Smoking as an independent variable was found to impact FEV1 significantly and smoke has shown to speed up the diminution in lung map in a clip dependent manner4. As the car drivers are most of th e clip on busy roads and exposed to automobile fumes and other air pollutants. Automobile fumes is a complex mixture of different gases like Sculpture dioxide ( SO2 ) , Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) and particulate affair. Some surveies have demonstrated that exposure to particulate affair combined with exposure to an irritant gas such as NO2 consequences in greater harm to the lung than when exposed to either substances individually5.In combination with particulate pollutants, SO2 and NO2 have a greater opportunity to make the deeper parts of the lungs. The gaseous pollutants may besides change the belongingss and concentration of surfactant and contribute to the early closing of little air passages. Much of the terminal bronchioles may be compromised before other pneumonic map trials such as FEV1 are affected6. Few histopathological surveies have provided grounds that the little air passages are the site of harm in people populating in countries of high air pollution7. Atoms generated from Diesel fumes are highly little and are present in the karyon or accretion manners with diameter of 0.02 am and 0.2 am severally. These little sized atoms, by virtuousness of their greater surface country to mass ratio, can transport a much larger fraction of toxic compounds, such as hydrocarbons and metals on their surface. Importantly they can stay airborne for long periods of clip and acquire deposited in greater Numberss and deeper into the lungs than big sized atoms. Hence chronic exposure to them can take to chronic redness of respiratory piece of land and lung parenchyma. These would lend to the significant lessening in lung maps in the signifier of restrictive form as indicated in the present survey. Rajkumar studied the consequence of air pollution on respiratory system of car jinrikisha drivers i n Delhi. The survey found that ( 19 % ) drivers showed normal Pulmonary Function Test ( PFT ) . ( 80 % ) showed mild and moderate to terrible obstructor, of which ( 48 % ) were non-smokers and ( 52 % ) were tobacco users and the consequence concludes that car jinrikisha drivers have a high respiratory morbidity due to exposure to pollution.8 In a survey, reduced mechanical belongingss of take a breathing were attributed to exposure to benzene in the bluess of petrol9. Bijendra Kumar et Al examined the pneumonic map trial in three Wheeler Diesel cab drivers in Bikaner metropolis. They found restrictive damage in 87 % of survey group, of which 50 % were tobacco users and 37 % were non-smokers, assorted form ( both restrictive and early clogging damage ) was found in merely 13 % of survey group, of which 7 % were tobacco users and 5 % non-smoker. So they concluded that when all the five parametric quantities ( FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25-75 % and PEFR ) were taken together they were de clarative of assorted form ( clogging and restrictive ) lung impairments10. Chattopadhyay et al conducted a survey on garage workers, drivers and music directors of Kolkata metropolis to measure the pneumonic map position of these workers and found that FEV1, FEV1 % and flow rates, FEF 02-121, FEF25 % -75 % values showed gradual decrease as age and continuance of exposure increased11.From the present survey it was concluded that respiratory maps of car jinrikisha drivers who are continuously exposed to emanations from vehicles, gasoline vapour and dust were significantly reduced as compared to respiratory maps of age, weight and tallness matched control groups.Recommendation:To forestall the respiratory disfunction among car drivers, medical observation and periodic check-ups for pneumonic map trials should be performed. Control schemes should be adopted to cut down the vapour concentration in the air, like vapour adsorbents and to cut down the benzine concentration in the ambient a ir. Personal protective equipment must be worn by car jinrikisha drivers. Imparting wellness instruction to car jinrikisha drivers will forestall respiratory morbidity. Further long term position surveies on car jinrikisha drivers will assist in acquiring a comprehensive image of long term effects.Recognition:This research paper is made possible by the support from the participants of our survey. We dedicate our recognition of gratitude towards Mr.Shaik.Meera and Dr. Rashmi.C.G as they kindly read our paper and offered valuable elaborate advices on grammar, organisation, and subject of the paper. Finally, we unfeignedly thank Godhead, household and friends, who provided fiscal support and timely advice.

Importance of Knowledge of Culture to Business Managers Essay

Importance of Knowledge of Culture to Business Managers - Essay Example The knowledge of the differences in the cultural dynamics is important to the business managers as it helps in the interaction process among the business organizations. For one to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the business organizations, it is important to understand what the concept of culture entails. Culture can be said to consist of the patterned thinking processes and ways in which different human groups acquire and transmit symbols. It also involves the ways in which the different groups react, and their values and ideas. Culture is also said to be a subjective perception of the environment in which one is living. This environment includes the social stimuli, roles, beliefs, and the value system that is shared by the members of the group. Language and religion are said to play a great role in culture. It is important to note therefore that any given organization exists within a given culture and are therefore influenced by the cultures in which they ex ist (Simms 18). The elimination of trade barriers and the increasing ease of penetration of national boundaries have led to the increase in the need to transfer knowledge and skills between the subsidiaries of the various multinational organizations. This means that the work places in these organizations have become multinational and in the process created a new challenge for the business managers in the management of the workplace as they have to ensure that the new employees who are from different nationality and cultural background have been able to transfer the skills and knowledge that they possess. The knowledge of the differences in culture by the business managers is important as it will help in the facilitation of knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer involves the attempt by a given entity to copy and apply a specific knowledge or practice from another entity. Knowledge transfer involves ensuring that the efforts that are put in place are effective and that the new knowled ge that was being learnt or acquired from a different organization has been learnt to the extent that it becomes embodies to the practices of the organization. In the transfer of knowledge, the business managers are often faced with the challenge of cultural hindrances in the transfer process. There are some instances in which because of their cultural backgrounds, those involved in are unable to transfer the knowledge in such a way that it contributes to the desired outcome. This is because the knowledge to be passed is embedded in the individuals and therefore can only be transferred by interacting with the individual. The knowledge also has a social dimension to it in that it has been acquired through a process of socialization and as such can only be transferred through socialization. People of different cultures socialize in different ways and it is therefore important for a business manager to be aware how the particular culture interacts. This will help him in facilitating th e interactions necessary for the transfer of knowledge to take place (Pauleen 223). It is also important for the business managers to have knowledge on the difference between the individualistic and the collective cultures. This will help them in the process of ensuring knowledge transfer. It is important for a b

Additional Reading #1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Additional Reading #1 - Assignment Example This may follow the general objective of the party or parties involved in such matters regarding ethics. It is of crucial importance to note that there are several expectations with regards to ethics that human beings are supposed to observe at different circumstances, situations, places and environments. Such may involve the necessary ethics regarding business operations and practices, values and ethics within work places, educational institutions as well as ethics within the society. In this perspective, it is of crucial significance to acknowledge the fact that ethics are part of human behavior. Thus, it is impossible to engage in any action without any consideration to ethics. This may be evident in either things done, consciously or unconsciously. For instance, we may at times praise some forms of good deeds as well as see the sense of failing to accomplish certain necessary issues (Clarke, 3). On the same note, business ethics borrow a lot from the general ethics expected in any form of environmental setup. Business, being one of the environments where ethics is most required must follow certain levels, values as well as virtues of practices considered morally welcoming to all the stakeholders. These may include the business managers, employees, customers as well as other parties either directly or indirectly involved in the business operations. These ethics should touch on the practices involving the employee relations, customer relations as well as the entire stakeholders, including the business executives. It is of critical significance that the main aim of any business operation is always to make the maximum profits as possible. However, good moral values as well as good business ethics maintain that any business should realize gains, profits or losses from ethical practices across all stakeholders. In most cases, customer relations is always the pivotal indicator as to the nature of the business relations.

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture Term Paper

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture - Term Paper Example The evolution and development of CAD has significantly impacted on architectural design. Some of the potential impacts of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture include reduced design mistakes, time saving and design efficiency, and clear communication of architectural details among others. This paper highlights the evolution as well as the transformational impact of computer aided design on the architectural design process. Impact of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture Introduction Computer aided design (CAD) is the concept of using computerized systems to help in the technical creation, analysis, modification and optimization of technical designs. Prior to the evolution and development of CAD, architectural design was primarily a hands-on process that involved a variety of manual and physical media tasks. However, the introduction of computer aided design in the 1980s completely revolutionized architecture particularly in the filed of design. According to Tai (103), mo dern architectural designs employ a number of CAD software to enhance to improve the design quality, improve the productivity of designers and enhance communication through documentation. ... The CAD software system normally increases the architectural productivity and design. This system as well improves the communication system through the documentation and the creation of a database used for manufacturing. Most of the CAD software often works like a large database with numerous geometric information points, curves and lines that can easily translate into imagery visible through the graphical user interface (Robertson 144). Despite a few limitations, there a number of enormous and obvious potential impacts of CAD evolution on architecture. This paper seeks to critically investigate the development of computer aided design in the architectural field. The paper, in addition explores the development of digital technology and it impact to the architectural subject. Chronology of the Development of CAD The evolution and development of CAD had its beginnings in the early 1960s and 1970s after various automotive and aerospace companies began to independently develop the first CAD systems. The real breakthrough point was particularly witnessed in 1963 after SKETCHPAD computer aided design program was developed at MIT. One of the main beneficial features of the program was that it allowed architectural designers to effectively use a light pen to draw on the computer screen. Essentially this was the first known graphic user interface (GUI) which is currently one of the most important features of CAD. However, the initial CAD programs were expensive and as a result were only available to large corporations in the aerospace, automotive and electronic industries such as Renault, GM and Lockheed among others. Throughout the 1970s, CAD programs were only capable of helping in the creation of 2D drawings

Man on the Moon Real or Hoax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Man on the Moon Real or Hoax - Essay Example However, along with this arose innumerous numbers of controversies regarding the legitimacy of the claim. Various theorists and scholars claimed that the entire plot was hoax, and a considerable proportion of people claimed that the whole chapter was genuine. On February 15, 2001, the FOX television network broadcasted the program named Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? The program provided considerable amount of evidence to show that NASA cheated the world by faking moon landings. In We Never Went to the Moon: America’s Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle, Bill Kaysing pointed out that it is irrational to believe that the landing on moon actually took place because according to estimates in late 1950s, the possibility of successfully landing on the moon was just 0.0017%, that is, approximately 1 in 60,000; and in fact, this estimate was done by the Rocketdyne Company that took into account the efficacy of technology that existed at that point of time (7-8). Another serious allegation comes from Ralph Rene, the author of NASA Mooned America. He points out that all American missions before Apollo 11 were detected to have multiple numbers of defects. The scholar points out that the earlier projects had so many technical errors that would have forced American to drop the idea of moon landings and to fake it instead (as cited in Eisen, 378). Similar is the allegation that the poor quality of the images of moon landings is a deliberate effort to prevent others from examining them. Still, the photos available were sufficient to initiate controversy. For example, the pictures presented the astronaut saluting the American flag, and unfortunately, the flag was waving as if in a wind. The point in consideration here is the fact that there is no air or wind on the moon. Yet another major allegation came that when a camera was fitted to the astronaut’s chest, how would this be possible to take such excellent photographs that

Dietary supplements (e.g vitamins,herbal extracts,etc) Research Paper

Dietary supplements (e.g vitamins,herbal extracts,etc) - Research Paper Example Amino acids, which are the individual building blocks of proteins, are part of these substances. The supplements can come in form of pills, tablets, capsule, or liquid form. They add to the usual daily diet and must not be considered for food. They are widely available and some people take them for healthy purposes or because of health related complications. Minerals and vitamins are the common supplements. They include vitamin C or multivitamin, herbs and plants and natural source substances like omega-3 fatty acids. The supplements, according to the processors, contribute to well-being and health maintenance, but may treat, diagnose, or prevent infections or disease. Many people have used the ingredients for many years to treat illness and help health. At times some of these supplements are a basis for common medicines today. For instance, willow bark tea, for centuries, has been a fever control mechanism. Phamceutical firms eventually realised that it contained a chemical that helps in fevr reduction and used the knowledge to come up with aspirin (HOLLENSTEIN, 2007). The researcher used random questionnaires to collect information from people around his locality. The questionnaire had questions related to the necessity of using dietary supplements. Some of the questionnaires were online while the researcher distributed others manually to collect information locally and internationally. The method used was survey questioning where information from online questionnaires was compiled and related with that of the other respondents. They do provide a nutritional support to the body of a human being and help in meeting optimal nutrient levels to ensure health from the baseline. 35% of the respondents believe that dietary supplements are good for consumption, 4% think that some of them prevent influenza, 2% take them for boosting their immune, 10% support its consumption

Group Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group Research Project - Essay Example Jack Treynor introduced the concept of the capital asset pricing model to build on diversification and modern portfolio theory introduced by Harry Markowitz (Levy, 2011). Capital asset pricing model is simple to use; this has made it possible to retain popularity despite the modern approaches to asset pricing and portfolio selection. This financial project aims at analyzing a given equally weighted portfolio, which constitutes five types of stocks listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The project will measure the rate of return on securities of Woolside Petroleum, Santos, Oil Search, Aurora Oil & Gas and Beach Petroleum. The systematic risk will be determined using Beta as the basis of measurement. The project will also evaluate the performance of the selected stock using the capital asset pricing model. The result from the analysis is beneficial to both current and prospective investors when making investment decisions. The analysis will also enable investors to decide whether to add their investment assets to the existing portfolio by finding non-diversifiable risk in the investments. The project will consider thirty-six observations consisting of monthly rates of return between January 2010 and December 2012. This will act as a representative sample for estimating the risks involved in each class of stock. Prior to estimating the capital asset pricing for the selected portfolio, the model will be tested for each stock. The Background of Companies Woodside Petroleum Woodside Petroleum Limited explores and produces petroleum in Australia (Roth, 2011). Woodside is Australia’s largest independent and dedicated oil and gas company with headquarters in Perth, Western Australia. The company is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Woodside focuses on the exploration, assessment, development, processing and supplying relative products and services. Santos Limited Santos limited produces and supplies oil and gas to its Australian and Asian customers . The origin of Santos is traced back to Cooper Basin since the year 1964 (Roth, 2011). The company is one of the largest suppliers of oil and gas to the domestic and foreign markets. Presently, Santos has an exploration-led Asian portfolio focusing on three countries including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Vietnam. Santos focuses on explorations, exploiting, processing, transportation and marketing of hydrocarbons. The company has over 3,000 employees in Australia and Asia. The foundations of Santos are based on sustainable operations and collaborating with host communities, business partners and shareholders. Oil Search Limited Oil Search Limited is Papua New Guinea’s largest oil and gas producer, which was incorporated in the year 1929. The company has a 29% interest in the world scale Papua New Guinea (PNG) LNG project (Roth, 2011). Oil Search Limited is a public listed company on the Port Moresby and Australian stock exchanges. The Independent State of Papua New Guinea holds 15% of the company’s interest, and this is the largest shareholder in the company. Oil Search Limited has launched exploration activities in Papua New Guinea, Kurdistan, Tunisia and Yemen. Aurora Oil & Gas Aurora Oil & Gas Limited, founded in 2005, is an Australia based oil and gas exploration and production

Change Management and Information Technologies Coursework

Change Management and Information Technologies - Coursework Example Change management is of paramount concern within companies, especially in the modern day when changes occur so rapidly and with apparently increasing frequency. The effects on employees must be taken into account when considering these changes. It can be seen as a fulcrum around which many of the great advantages and yet also the challenges of IT revolve. Employees may be empowered to perform new tasks in a much easier manner, and yet may also become disillusioned as they feel they are even more simply a cog within a machine than they were before. While the minutia of instituting change within IT often revolves around practical problems such as software implementation and training of employees, it is just as important to consider the wider implications such as the effect upon the company culture and employee morale of the new technology. These are not peripheral concerns: they are central to the performance of employees and thus the overall success of the company. This analysis will consider how can a manager make sense of the numerous different models and the complexity of the changes that will occur with technological advancements. This has been a central role within business studies for a number of years. The manager needs to be able to consider ahead of time the likely consequences upon both the overall company and specifically upon employee performance before the IT change has occurred. In many ways the culture of the company is most important. A corporate culture can be defined in a number of ways. But in general it consists of a disparate number of forces at work within a company. These include everything from beliefs to systems to the company history to the overall attitude of employees. This might seem overly complex and amorphous for actual practical use, so various attempts have been made to systemize the analysis of corporate culture.One powerful method is through the cultural web. The cultural web is a means of investigating and revealing the culture of an organization. It represents how culture is expressed and how it manifests itself: A Cultural Web The central area of the Venn diagram that represents the cultural web is where the paradigm of change occurs. The manager must view this paradigm within the complexity of the web that has been produced by the various factors that go into the individual sectors:- such as "stories", "power", "symbols", and "routines/rituals". All of these are what make up the culture of a company, and, as can be seen from a cursory glance, they are all 'human' variables that will be held within the general culture of the company. Thus the manager needs to consider how the changes being considered will effect this culture and how, perhaps more importantly, the culture will influence them. This can be related to Baloqun's initial idea of considering the context-specific situation that occurs within a company. The change plan must be made to at least fit reasonably easily within the culture that already exists within the company rather than forcing a radical change within that culture. It is clear that sometimes a radical change in corporate culture is needed (Enron might have benefited from such a change before

Astoronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astoronomy - Essay Example Ancient Chinese thought Heaven to be of a round shape. The Emperor lived in the highest level. At the center of this heaven is the North Start. Note that for them, the center is the most pivotal part. Ancient Chinese Cosmology had its obvious influences from Taoist philosophy. It values balance, or the harmony of the yin and yang, good and evil. Dualism pervades their thinking, and this has contributed to the rise of two prominent personalities: the Emperor and Imperial Astronomer. The latter is said to use astronomy to predict the future, while the former used the findings of the latter to make decisions. This structured, overlapping thinking permeates their society, and that we cannot help but conclude that astronomy was also part of their life (â€Å"Ancient Chinese Cosmology†). Ancient Chinese astronomers catalogued every star visible to their naked eye. After which they grouped them into constellations called â€Å"palaces† or â€Å"mansions.† (â€Å"Early History of Astronomy – Ancient China†). The ancient Chinese had a systematic way of classifying a star. They assign a particular ordinal number of an asterism to a star. For example, â€Å"the 4th star of name of ‘asterism.’† (â€Å"Chinese constellation†) Scholars consider that ancient Chinese records of astronomical events are very significant for today. The findings have saved modern astronomers if they were to grope from no knowledge. Hence, rapid progress in observation was made possible (Wang, 2006). For example, China had large records of meteor showers. One of those that compiled such records was Shen Kuo in his book Dream Stream Essays. He reportedly wrote: "When stars fall to the earth, they become stones." (Jessie, 2003). China has created and maintained an old but successful tradition in science and technology. This has enabled China to position itself into the forefront of development. As far as Astronomy is concerned, China’s contribution to it

Deabte analysis Essay Example for Free

Deabte analysis Essay The industrial Revolution occurred in Europe from 1750 to 1850. During this time there was also a huge increase in illegitimacy rate, which is the number of babies being born to unmarried women. The big question becomes, did the industrial revolution cause a sexual revolution or not? There are many historians and people with different views about topic. At the start of the industrial revolution there were close to zero babies being born the unmarried women and by the end in 1850 there was 1 in every 3 women having babies that weren’t married. There are two main points of view on this debate; one from Edward Shorter and the other from Louise Tilly, Joan Scott, and Miriam Cohen. Historian Edward Shorter states that the industrial revolution created many opportunities for women to work which he says led to a rise in the illegitimacy rate. He connects this to the sexual emancipation, or sexual freedom, of unmarried, working-class women. Historians Louise A. Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen counter that unmarried women started working during the industrial revolution to meet an economic need, not to gain personal freedom. They state that the rise in illegitimacy rates rose due to broken marriages and the absence of traditional support from family, community, and the church. With women starting to work this caused a change in people’s lifestyles. Shorter and Tilly, Scott, and Cohen both have a legitimate argument to if the industrial revolution was the cause of the sexual revolution. You raise the key issues here. It doesn’t need to be this long, but that’s OK. Edward Shorter agrees that women of the upper class in the nineteenth century underwent a female emancipation along with the slave emancipation, but he says that it doesn’t account for the women with families. Young, low status women underwent a radical movement in female emancipation in the late eighteenth century because of the involvement in the economy of the market place. This emancipation started with the young women of low status to older women of higher status. There were some general characteristics describing women during this time. There were many famous women making stands for women’s independence and rights, that it was hard to see the position of all women or the norms of women. One thing Shorter states is, except for the few  exceptions of famous women, most of them were still powerless and dependent. Female emancipation was all about becoming independent. Married women wanted household political power and a family where they have their own rights, sexual gratifications, and emotional freedom. Unmarried women started ignoring the strict views and opinions of parents and community to satisfy their personal needs. All women started disregarding outside controls for personal freedom and sexuality for individual self-fulfillment. Up to here is satisfactory, but more info than necessary and not completely clear. These changes may be linked to the economic changes towards capitalism, an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. Good. One change was that capitalism made subcultures of wage-earning people. These people began to create their own rules and standards on how to run their community. Some of the rules where sexual behavior, target family size, and new techniques for contraception and abortion. The new young people were sexually active and it became a social norm to have sex before marriage. Shorter thinks that some aspect of industrialism must be held accountable for the expressly permissive sexual content of the subcultures. Another change dealing with capitalism was the mentality of the market place. As women began working in the market place they began to bring the principles of the market place into other areas of their lives. Shorter believes that the labor markets were the most direct source of personal freedom. Capitalism’s metal habits of maximizing one’s self-interest and sacrificing community goals to get individual profit was what women learned in the market place and it’s what they wanted in all aspects of life including their family and their freedom. Lastly, the industrial advance along with capitalism removed many external controls upon female sexual freedom. As women were bringing home paychecks meant they contributed to the family’s resources and would be entitled to a greater voice in how these resources were used. This lead to women being more equal and the premarital sex codes became more permissive as her status  was completely dependent on the husbands. Shorter came to state that capitalism entitled a source for females to be independent and have sexual freedom. The low wage, young people started the involvement in the market economy. The prosperous women soon followed in the nineteenth century. For unmarried women capitalism meant personal and sexual freedom. Young women were able to go against parental controls with her sexual and emotional independence because she knew the market would still hire her and give her self-sufficiency, and if needed, would move her to a town where she could work. This lead to the absence of birth control and therefore illegitimacy. You say more than necessary in the first paragraph of this section; your explanation of the argument could be stronger.

The Positives And Negatives Of Pay For Performance Nursing Essay

The Positives And Negatives Of Pay For Performance Nursing Essay The purpose of this research essay will discuss aspects concerning the effects of pay-for-performance policies on quality improvement. The pay-for-performance policies are continually a debated issue concerning quality of care. This incentive program could open doors in a positive or negative way, but P4P, may lead to results of improving the quality of care; which the research in this essay will assess and analyse these perspectives. Also, reflect on pay-for-performance programs; will be a crucial aspect in the paper. Furthermore, the results that would show the successfulness of these programs, as well. In additional, do the P4P programs meet their goals and how effective they are will be share in the research essay. Other components, that will be mention such as the impact on quality improvement, unintended or negative consequences, and implications for cost containment. Introduction The purpose of this research essay is to discuss aspects of pay for performance from a positive and negative perspective. As the health sector, continue to move toward a positive path, in efforts to improve the quality of care. This quality issue has and will continue to affect many Americans patients nationwide in a positive or negative way, based on, the quality care they are receiving. Therefore, health care providers and managed care organizations (MCO) are encouraged by the monetary incentive programs, in order to give prestige quality of care (Anderson, Rice, Komininski, 2007; Laureate Education, 2009). The strong components of payment policies, such as pay-for-performance (P4P) are aspects of health care services and the influence of patients choice; in which led to quality initiatives (Hillman, 1991). In addition, the factors will help to assess the need of care for patients, and the health organization, which is a positive reinforcement of quality initiatives. For instances, an intention of the incentives program like (P4P) would reward high-quality of care and permit growth in the way of becoming more efficient and effective; when servicing clients with their care needs (Teitelbaum Wilensky, 2007). Also, this quality initiative will help providers to figure out what they need to do; in order to continue to improve quality care procedures on a proficient level. The next step in the pay-for-performance (P4P) policy will permit health organizations JCI (2010) to benefit in aspects of financial incentives; through organizational principles. Therefore, the organizational leaders would produce documents to offer a reliable outline to carry out these accountabilities. For instances, health care organizational leaders must examine the national and worldwide norms that consist of human-beings right, quality initiatives, and professional principles when forming the framework. This pay for performance quality initiatives of services for patients, could JCI (2010) examine access, convey, patient-centred, discharge regulations; correctly bill for services; and help in resolution of conflicts, which financial incentives and payments measures maybe negotiation in patient services (JCI, 2010). Pay-for- performance programs quality initiatives were organized by governmental; Young, Conrad, and Fallot (2007) also the private ownerships and organizations, in which support the aspects of quality performances. Author suggests there are over 100 incentive programs; that focus on quality initiatives and preventive care for consumers (Young, Conrad, Fallot, 2007). Research suggests; the centres for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) are one of organizations that started the pay-for- performance programs (Anderson, Rice, Kominski; Teitelbaum Wilensky, 2007). Author suggests there is a lot of evidence, which implies the pay-for-performance incentive program has improved the overall quality of care initiative (Kuhmerker Hartman, 2007). Also, there is evidence that Jarlier and Charvet-Protat (2000) pay- for-performance quality initiatives, are profitable and can save in the long term for all health care services. Nevertheless, there will always be various negatives issues of barriers that hinder the quality care Datz, (2012); Galvin (2006) progress and growth of stronger incentives for quality advantage. The approach of the pay-for-performance has features that involve the amount of the incentive payment that result into, additional incentives such as of education, patient satisfaction, organizational information technology abilities, health providers level of performance, and diagnostics sources (Young, Conrad, Fallot, 2007). Furthermore, special interest groups seemed to be a particular alarm about the barriers that relates to the less effective method of (P4P) incentive programs, which have to do with the lack of those who do not invest in the continue quality initiatives for the delivery of health care (Young, Conrad Fallot, 2007; Dudley Rosenthal, 2006). Pay-for-performance impacts vary stakeholders, which involves all parties such as, health organizations, government, payers, medical providers, public, and private sectors, so the investment in the aspects of quality initiatives is crucial to the care process. Research suggests some payment incentives programs like (P4P) purpose is for cost containment (IOM, 2001). Also, the negative aspect of the pay-for-performance; there is no clear intention concerning making sure quality care initiatives, or improvement plan, in which relates to this program. Also, there should be some initiatives developed, such as perspectives and goals, in order to improve the aspects of the incentive payment of the health care services; which to provide IOM (2001) higher quality care and to focus on cost containment (IOM, 2001). In summary The positive aspect of health care delivery service can certainly be more effective through the pay-for-performance incentive programs. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of sustainability through this incentives program it has to be a constant arrangement, in which rewards quality of care effectiveness. In addition, all parties involved must be willing to help improve quality policies and make this initiative one of the focal points for the (P4P) programs. These arrangements could consist of fair adequate payment for excellence managerial services and that applies to the care process; which relates to financial incentives. Furthermore, to make sure that (P4P) programs meets its attended goals is to have other primary sources for recognizing and assessments for the performance initiatives, such as the Joint Commission, National Committee for quality assurance, and other agencies (Dudley and Rosenthal, 2006). A priority focus is to motivate and promote standards and firmed bylaws, in ord er to continuous to improve and maintain the quality of care initiatives through aspects of accreditation and licensure, in which would be a great addition to the perspective of the (P4P). Sources Andersen, R. M., Rice, T. H., Kominski, G. F. (2007). Changing the U.S. health care system: Key issues in health services policy and management (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Classen, D. C., Pestotnik, S. L., Evans, R., Lloyd, J, F., Burke, J. P. (1997). Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients: Excess Length of Stay, Extra Costs, and Attributable Mortality. JAMA. 277(4), 301-306. Clemmer, T. P., Vicki, J. S., Thomas, A. O., Susan, D. H. (1999). Results of a Collaborative Quality Improvement Program on Outcomes and Costs in a Tertiary Critical Care Unit. Crit. Care Med, 27(9):1768-74. Conrad, D., Wickizer, T., Maynard, C., Klastorin, T., Lessler, D., Ross, A., Soderstrom, N., Sullivan, S., Alexander, J., Travis, K. (1996). Managing Care, Incentives and Information: An Exploratory Look Inside the Black Box of Hospital Efficiency. Health Services Research, 31(3), 235-59. Datz, T. (2012). No improvement in patient outcomes seen in hospitals with pay-for-performance programs. Health Insurance Law Weekly. Retrieved from: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/2012-releases/pay-for-performance-patient-outcomes.html Dudley, R. A. Rosenthal, M. B. (2006). Pay for Performance: A decision guide for purchasers. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from: http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/p4pguide.pdf Galvin, R. (2006). Pay-for-performance: Too much of a good thing? A conversation with Martin Roland. Health Affairs, 25, w412 w419. Hillman, A. L. (1991). Managing the Physician: Rules Versus Incentives. Health Affairs 10(4):138-46. Jarlier, A., Charvet-Protat, S. (2000). Can Improving Quality Decrease Hospital Costs? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 12(2), 125-31. Joint Commission International, Inc. (2010). Joint Commission International Accreditation Standards for Hospitals. (4th ed.). Illinois, Chicago: Joint Commission International. Kuhmerker, K. Hartman, T. (2007). Pay-for-performance in state Medicaid programs: A survey of state directors and programs. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved October 24, 2012 from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/Fund-Reports/2007/Apr/Pay-for-Performance-in-State-Medicaid-ProgramsA-Survey-of-State-Medicaid-Directors-and-Programs.aspx Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009).  Health  Policy.  Access Challenges Baltimore, MD:  Author:  Ã‚  (Dr. Gerald Kominski and Jim Lott). Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy of Sciences. Young, G.J., Conrad, D.A., Fallat, A. (2007). Practical issues in the design and implementation of pay-for-quality programs. Journal of Healthcare Management, 52(1), 10-19.

Impact of Health Inequalities on Parkinsons Disease Patient

Impact of Health Inequalities on Parkinsons Disease Patient In the department of health publication from ‘Vision to Reality’ (2001), the minister for public health, Yvette Cooper, and the chief medical officer, Professor Liam Donaldson, stated the following: ‘At the beginning of 21st century, your chances of a healthy life still depend on what job you do, where you live, and how much your parents earn. This is unfair and unjust. That is why this Government is committed to narrowing the health inequalities that scar our nation and to improved health for all’. How does this statement support the elderly with Parkinson disease in Bromley trust Kent? Introduction The focus of this community study is to explore the health inequalities which affect a specific group within Bromley community. This group has been defined as those suffering with Parkinson’s disease, a degenerative condition that tends to affect an older client group and can also be associated with complex medical needs. This essay will define and explore the concept of inequalities in health, define the disease ad its effects on people as their families, and relate these to a community in the Kent area served by Bromley NHS Trust. The other aim of this essay is to postulate solutions and interventions which might address some of the health inequalities and challenges posed by this particular condition and its prevalence within the community. The literature points to the specific health problems and challenges of this client group, and there is government and governance literature which specifically addresses their needs. However, it appears there is still a deficit between the needs of clients, which are complex and difficult to address, and the level of provision in health and social care services, which continue to be under-resourced and less than ideally designed. Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s is a progressive neurological disease which occurs as the result of the loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra in the brain (PDS, 2007). The lack of these cells results in a lack of dopamine, a substance that allows messages to be sent to the parts of the brain that control movement (PDS, 2007). When about 80% of dopamine is lost, symptoms start to develop, and levels continue to reduce over time, causing symptoms to increase (PDS, 2007). Two proposed causes are genetic disorders and environmental toxins (PDS, 2007), although a range of other associations continue to be explored. No real cause is known, and there is no known cure, although some medications can mediate the course of the disease and help in symptom control (PDS, 2007). Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s are tremor, bradykinesia and stiffness of muscles, while non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbance, constipation, depression and urinary urgency (PDS, 2007). Fatigue is another symptom (Lloy d, 1999). It is obvious from this range of symptoms that sufferers may need an increasing range of health and social support services and interventions during the progression of the disease. One epidemiological review puts the rate of Parkinson’s disease in the UK population at 19 per 1000 per year, with a lifetime prevalence of 2 per 1000 people (MacDonald et al, 2000). The Parkinson’s Disease Society (PDS, 2007) state that one in 500 people in the UK suffers from the disease. This would suggest a considerable burden on local health and social care services in any locality. However, there is also the issue that such statistics often only represent the tip of the iceberg (MacDonald et al, 2000). There may be a greater number who have not yet been diagnosed or who do not access services and so are not counted in surveys. The age range of sufferers of Parkinson’s disease is 40-90 years, with the greatest proportion in the 70-74 age group, and the next highest rate in the 74-79 age group (MacDonald et al, 2000). This is obviously an age-associated condition. The Bromley Health Services NHS Trust provides an outpatient Parkinson’s clinic run by Dr B Kessel as part of the elderly medicine directorate (www.bromleyhospitals.nhs.uk, 2007). There is also the Joint Allocation panel which the elderly medicine team contribute to in providing complex home care packages. Therefore, it would seem that for this locality, there is some specialist Parkinson’s disease provision. However, there are no figures to describe the uptake and demand on health and social services from Parkinson’s disease sufferers. For example, the demand on community nursing services, social care services, nursing homes, continence services, primary health services and pharmacy services. Parkinson’s disease is usually treated by drug treatments which aim to redress the loss of dopamine (Pentland, 1999). Levodopa-containing agents replace dopamine within the body, while dopamine agonists mimic the action of dopamine (Pentland, 1999). Enzyme inhibitors can be used, which prevent dopamine breakdown, and anticholinergics can reduce the action of acetylcholine which can also improve symptoms (Pentland, 1999). There is ongoing debate and review of the risk-benefit ratio of these treatments but they have been shown to be effective in limiting symptoms (PDS, 2007: Pentland, 1999). Other pharmacological interventions may be utilised to relieve specific symptoms, such as hypnotics for insomnia, antidepressants for confirmed depression, and pain killers and quinine for pain and muscle cramps (Pentland, 1999). Hoever, achieving and maintaining the correct, effective drug regimen as the condition progresses can be problematic for client and medical team (Lloyd, 1999). Health Inequalities It was in 1998 that health inequality reduction became express aims of the NHS in the UK, with the publication of A First Class Service (DH, 1998). Since then, inequalities in health have remained on government and health service agendas. The National Service Framework for Older People (DH, 2001) sets out a number of standards to address key inequalities in health experienced by the subject group concerned in this essay. The fact that such standards have had to be set is evidence of demonstrable inequalities linked to these areas. To begin with, inequalities are linked to age. It has been shown that in some health and social care services, older people and their carers have been victims of age-based discrimination in access to services and availability of services (DH, 2001). The locality here, Bromley Trust in Kent, does not advertise specialist Parkinson’s disease services explicitly on their website, and so sufferers of this condition fall under the aegis of elderly care services and also neurology services (trust ref). However, resourcing for such services may not be optimum, with less resources perhaps given to less fashionable areas of health need (DH, 2001), but rather to the more ‘fashionable’ and topical areas such as children’s and cancer services. There are certain areas of need which could be viewed as common to older people’s services and specific to those with Parkinson’s disease, such as community equipment (DH, 2001). Another specific inequality for this client group is access to palliative care services, with many palliative care services only available to cancer sufferers (DH, 2001). Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative and ultimately terminal condition, and as such should be a defining condition for palliative care. However, palliative care services in some areas may be funded by cancer charities such as Macmillan Cancer care, which may pose a challenge. This leads to a policy issue which could only be addressed at policy management level within the local trusts. The burden on family and unpaid carers is considerable, and increases with the progression of the disease (Lloyd, 1999). This leads to further demand on services due to carer-related illnesses (Lloyd, 1999). Again, unequal access to services, here based on the condition and the lack of support for those affected by it, continues to exist. The issue of inequality related to ethnic minority or background (DH, 2001) may also be applicable here, as the locality does contain a range of different minority ethnic groups. However, the demographics are not available to explore the rates of Parkinson’s disease across the different ethnic minorities in the region. The literature does highlight one specific incidence of health inequality in relation to this disease. It appears that sufferers who are hospitalized do not have timely access to their medications due to the restrictions of ward rounds and nursing routines (Agnew, 2006). Another inequality is in access to community care assessments which provide the intense levels of care and support necessary as the disease progresses (Lloyd, 1999). Not only do Parkinson’s disease sufferers suffer from a relative difficulty in accessing and obtaining such assessments, the assessment provides only a partial picture when exploring to what extent the health and social care needs of people with Parkinson’s are being assessed (Lloyd, 1999). The assessments are apparently predominantly medical, failing to address the other range of needs, particularly social and emotional issues and everyday living needs such as personal care (Lloyd, 1999). As these assessments are generally not carried out in the person’s own home, they are inadequate in providing a true picture of the realities of the disease in individual cases (Lloyd, 1999). The more general subject of health inequalities highlights a range of factors which might adversely affect the health and wellbeing of this client group. Poor health is linked to social background factors (Iphofen, 2003). The Bromley community area encompasses a wide range of socio-economic groups, from those deemed to be in poverty through the middle classes to the affluent classes. Research has demonstrated that those low down on the social class hierarchy tend to have worse housing, poor nutritional status, are less fit and are more likely to engage in damaging or risky health behaviours (Iphofen, 2003). It is logical that these people are the most likely to become ill, die sooner, or be most in need of health and social care input and support (Iphofen, 2003). Other factors which may affect health inequalities include culture, gender and ethnicity (Iphofen, 2003). It is also important to consider the role of individual action and self-reliance (Iphofen, 2003), which may seem at odds with current political trends towards ‘nanny state’ policies which are in danger of labelling vulnerable groups and individuals as being to blame for their own ill-health. One example of this is the smoking ban, which has been legislated on the back a growing trend of refusing medical treatment to sufferers of smoking-related conditions until they have given up smoking. A similar trend appears to be occurring for obese and overweight individuals, but it would seem that this form of discrimination, whilst socially and morally wrong, is politically sanctioned. Health Problems related to Parkinson’s Disease. As can be seen from the literature, there are a wide range of health problems which affect Parkinson’s sufferers, primarily related to the disease and its symptoms and their affects on health and independence. Parkinson’s is a long term illness (Rhind, 2007; Kristjanson et al, 2006) and as such will require long term nursing and social support, surveillance and review. Parkinson’s disease causes physical disability, and affects all of the activities of daily living by restricting independence, self-reliance and self care (PDS, 2007). It can affect people’s ability to maintain relationships, carry on in employment and leisure activities, and to continue to live on their own in their own home, or with their families (PDS, 2007). Lloyd (1999) also highlights the fact that Parkinson’s disease is socially unacceptable and this can have ongoing effects for the sufferer and their carers. One of the problems associated with the disease is dysphagia, the inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing (Miller et al, 2006). Dysphagia can have obvious physical effects, such as choking, and inability to access proper nutrition or maintain healthy weight (Miller et al, 2006; Lorefalt et al, 2006). It can also have social and psychological effects, such as embarrassment and depression, withdrawal from social eating situations and effects on family and carers (Miller et al, 2006). Treatment for dysphagia is limited, and so the condition can lead to long term alterations in nutritional state leading to interventions such as total parenteral nutrition (Miller et al, 2006; Lorefalt et al, 2006). Another associated set of symptoms are psychological symptoms. These can vary, but can present as depression, sleep, confusion and delirium, hallucinations and dementia (Nazarko, 2005). These can be challenging conditions to treat, and may require a mixture of support, psychiatric intervention, pharmacological intervention and sedation, and family/carer support (Nazarko, 2005). Such symptoms represent a considerable demand on existing services, and as yet, there are no specialist psychiatric services for this client group within the locality under discussion. Addressing Health Inequalities by Condition Management The Department of Health (2001) stresses the following are necessary to combat the continued inequalities experienced by the older age group in accessing services and support: an integrated approach between local authorities and health services; strong clinical and managerial leadership; service user and carer representation at every level; working parties and management groups which continually address and review the situation. Other actions include workforce development (DH, 2001), and there may be a greater need for training and awareness-raising, particularly with nursing staff. Nursing staff need to listen more to Parkinson’s sufferers when providing care (Agnew, 2006). Another issue is the proper assessment of older people’s conditions (DH, 2001), which is important as Parkinson’s disease can present as one of a complex range of multiple diseases or conditions. Modern management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) aims to obtain symptom control, to reduce clinical disability, and to improve quality of life (Pacchetti et al, 2000). Specific instruments or tools may be necessary as part of the assessment process (Heffernan and Jenkinson, 2005). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellece (NICE, 2006) make the following recommendations: people with suspected Parkinson’s disease should be seen by a specialist within six weeks; new referrals with later progress of disease should be seen within two weeks; there should be regular, ongoing review of the condition; sufferers should be empowered to participate in their care; and all people with Parkinsons should have regular access to specialist nursing care to provide monitoring and adjustment of medication, a point of contact for support including home visits and a reliable source of information about clinical and social matters relevant to Parkinsons disease. There is a need to access and engage with psychiatric services due to the long-term psychological and emotional effects of the disease (Lloyd, 1999). NICE (2006) argue strongly for specialist nurses and multidisciplinary clinics, which would be appropriate given the complex presentation of the disease. T his comprehensive approach would go a long way to reducing the inequalities experienced by this age group. However, the local services in Bromley may not be currently resourced adequately to meet such targets. Other interventions might also include speech therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and of course palliative care services (Carter, 2006). The local trust has service provision in all these areas, and all but the last can be demonstrated to be involved in the care of clients with Parkinson’s disease in Bromley. However, it might be that more provision and more targeted provision might be necessary to reduce the inequalities suffered by this client group. Some literature suggests the use of complementary therapies such as massage to support those with the condition (Patterson et al, 2005). Other therapies such as music therapy might be appropriate (Pachetti et al, 2000). Music as a therapy acts as a specific stimulus to obtain motor and emotional responses by combining movement and stimulation of different sensory pathways (Pacchetti et al, 2000). In a prospective, randomised controlled trial, music therapy was found to be effective on motor, affective, and behavioral fu nctions, and as such would be a valid addition to therapy programmes for people with Parkinson’s disease (Pacchetti et al, 2000). One example of successful care management has been described by Holloway (2006), who reports in the implementation of a care pathway to meet specific needs. The pathway is user-led, conceptualising the user/carer as the communications centre, resourced and supported in the management of their situation by the professionals to achieve their own integrated package of care (Holloway, 2006). This pathway takes into account individual disease presentation, social factors, severity of illness and degree of use of services (Holloway, 2006). The research showed this pathway to be feasible for implementation within standard, existing clinics and was well received by clients and carers (Holloway, 2006). Another programme which has demonstrated some success and positive outcomes is a club for patients and their carers at a day hospital in Bridlington (Nasar and Bankar, 2006). The multidisciplinary team use the club for patient assessment, education and disease management, while it also provides the patients and carers with a forum for discussion and an opportunity for social interaction (Nasar and Bankar, 2006). Another important aspect of reducing health inequalities is in developing alliances with service users and engaging with specific groups who are socially excluded (Watterson, 2003). It may be that the reason that Parkinson’s sufferers feel so excluded is due to nurses’ perceptions of them as less than cognitively competent, due to prejudices about the nature of the disease. Service users have important and often critical knowledge and experience about their lives, condition, symptoms and responses to treatment (Watterson, 2003), which could greatly enhance both policy planning and direction and individual care planning and ongoing disease management. There are challenges associated with attempting such engagement, and even further policy and procedure planning, with associated resource input, would be needed to ensure accessibility, effective communication and responsiveness. Conclusion As has been demonstrated, sufferers of Parkinson’s disease, itself a complex aetiology, presentation and progression, have a range of specific and challenging needs which are not being met by the local services in Bromley. While some services exist, there are other models of care, management, assessment and monitoring which have been demonstrated to be effective in other localities, which may be appropriate for this specific client group. Services need to be client centred and comprehensive, utilising tools and guidelines developed specifically for the disease and its symptoms. Services must also be multi-disciplinary, multi-agency and also holistic. However, the provision of such services may not be practical within the current NHS climate. With the direction set out in government and NICE documents, however, it would appear that the drive to improve such services will go ahead. This essay addresses a very small, confined client group with a specific disease presentation. However the scope of health inequalities across the whole population may be much wider and more disturbing. It would appear that there is a need for targeted programmes to tackle health inequalities in almost every service, but if these can be addressed in one area, they can be addressed across the whole service to counteract years of unequal access and provision which have continued to fail those in most need. 3,000 words. References Agnew, T. (2006). Nurses out of step with Parkinsons patients. Nursing Older People. 18(6). 8-9 Carter, L. (2006) The role of specialist nurses in managing Parkinsons disease. Primary Health Care. 16(8). 20-2. Costello, J. Haggart, M. (eds.) (2003) Public Health and Society Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Department of Health (2001) The National Service Framework for Older People Available from www.dh.gov.uk. Accessed 14-4-07. Heffernan, C. Jenkinson, C. (2005) Measuring outcomes for neurological disorders: a review of disease-specific health status instruments for three degenerative neurological conditions. Chronic Illness. 1(2). pp. 131-42 Holloway, M. (2006) Traversing the network: a user-led Care Pathway approach to the management of Parkinsons disease in the community Health Social Care in the Community 14 (1), 63–73 Iphofen, R. (2003) Social and individual factors influencing public health. In: Costello, J. Haggart, M. (2003). Public Health and Society Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kristjanson, L., Aoun, S., Yates, P. (2006) Are supportive services meeting the needs of Australians with neurodegenerative conditions and their families? Journal of Palliative Care 10 (2). Lloyd, M. (1999) The new community care for people with Parkinson’s disease and their carers. In: Percival, R. Hobson, P. (eds.) (2003) Parkinson’s Disease: Studies in Psychological and Social Care. London: MPG Books Ltd. Lorefalt, B; Granerus, A; Unosson, M. (2006). Avoidance of solid food in weight losing older patients with Parkinsons disease. Journal of Clinical Nursing 15(11) 1404-12. MacDonald, B.K., Cockerell, O.C., Sander, J.W.A.S. Shorvon, S.D. (2000). The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain 123 665-676. Miller, N; Noble, E; Jones, D. (2006) Hard to swallow: dysphagia in Parkinsons disease. Age Ageing. 35(6) 614-8. Nasar, M; Bankar, R. (2006) Improving outcome in Parkinsons disease. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 67(1). pp. 6-7 Nazarko, L. (2005) Part 3: psychological effects of Parkinsons disease. Nursing Residential Care. 7(6).261-4. NICE (2006) Draft Guideline on Parkinson’s Disease Available from www.nice.org.uk Accessed 14-4-07. Pacchetti, C., Mancini, F., Aglieri, R. et al (2000). Active Music Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrative Method for Motor and Emotional Rehabilitation. Psychosomatic Medicine 62 (3) 386-393. Parkinson’s Disease Society http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/ Accessed 14-4-07. Paterson, C; Allen, J; Browning, M. (2005). A pilot study of therapeutic massage for people with Parkinsons disease: the added value of user involvement. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 11(3). 161-71. Pentland, B. (1999) The nature and course of Parkinson’s disease. In: Percival, R. Hobson, P. (eds.) (2003) Parkinson’s Disease: Studies in Psychological and Social Care. London: MPG Books Ltd. Percival, R. Hobson, P. (eds.) (2003) Parkinson’s Disease: Studies in Psychological and Social Care. London: MPG Books Ltd. Rhind, G. (2007) Managing Parkinsons disease over the longer term. Independent Nurse. 22 Jan. pp. 18-9 Wacker, R.R., Roberto, K.A. Piper, L.E. (1998) Community Resources For Older Adults: Programs and Services in an Era of Change London: Sage Publications, Inc Watterson, A. (ed.) (2003) Public Health in Practice Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan http://www.bromleyhospitals.nhs.uk/referrers/clinical-services/elderly-medicine/ Accessed 14-4-07.

Kosovo And Milosevic Essay example -- essays research papers

“I wouldn’t mind if they needed to take [Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic] out,'; said Chris Walter, 23, a college student living in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. I felt the same way about Saddam Hussein. I think the longer you keep the problem around, the sooner it is going to come back and bite you.'; From the Washington Post April 18th, 1999 The horrors of the atrocities committed against Kosovo such as the targeted attacks on civilians, “ethnic cleansing';, and most certainly mass murder have a greater impact globally than what may appear on the surface. On a humanitarian level, all these situations are marked by the same killing mixture of hope and despair – frightened women, terrified children, despondent old men and women, and helpless adults looking towards the corner of the street and gazing at the sky hoping for a miracle that does not happen – until they are driven out of their homes at gunpoint, and their houses looted and put to torch in front of their eyes – and they still thank God for sparing the lives of those who survived to face the next ordeal. This story is being repeated in the Balkans for the umpteenth time. Almost a month after the most powerful military grouping in history launched air attacks on rump Yugoslavia to compel adherence to a peace accord, a human tragedy of grotesque proportions continues to unfold in Kosovo. Nearly 50 per cent of its Albanian population has been forced to flee the country under the relentless assault of the Yugoslav army and police, amid unbelievably cruel carnage of human lives and burning of villages and towns. Kenneth Waltz’s first-image theory rests on the assumption that the causes of war are to be found in the nature and behavior of man and on the role of specific individuals, as in this case Slobodan Milosevic. If you ask the question "Why is a war taking place in Kosovo?" a large part of the reply must be "Because of Slobodan Milosevic." In an interview with Newsweek’s Lally Weymouth, German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer bluntly linked Milosevic with the two names whose shadows still linger over modern Europe. Milosevic, said Fischer, "was ready to act like Stalin and Hitler—to fight a war against the existence of a whole people." It is Milosevic who has lit the flame of evil;... ...le of double standards, and credit must be given to President Clinton for using US power and influence to hammer out the Dayton Accords that brought the nightmare in Bosnia-Herzegovina to an end in 1996. But what can be said about the current situation? NATO’s Secretary general Javier Solana wants to see Milosevic indicted: “We think that at a political level President Milosevic clearly bears responsibility for what’s going on in Kosovo,'; State Department spokesman James Rubin said in Washington last week. Yugoslavia was once a vibrant, multicultural society with one of the highest living standards and the greatest degrees of openness in the Soviet bloc, a country of extraordinary natural and historical beauty. Today it is a bombed out, fanatic-ridden shell. The real problem that should receive urgent attention is that massive human rights violations be stopped and the refugees extended every assistance to enable them to return to their homes, most of which will have to be rebuilt. Apart from a political solution that respects the rights of the Kosovars, those guilty of massacres and ethnic cleansing must be brought to book through war crimes trials.

Diferencias Entre Investigación Cualitativa y Cuantitativa :: El método científico

El objetivo de cualquier ciencia es adquirir conocimientos y la eleccià ³n del mà ©todo adecuado que nos permita conocer la realidad es por tanto fundamental1. El problema surge al aceptar como ciertos los conocimientos errà ³neos o viceversa. Los mà ©todos inductivos y deductivos tienen objetivos diferentes y podrà ­an ser resumidos como desarrollo de la teorà ­a y anà ¡lisis de la teorà ­a respectivamente. Los mà ©todos inductivos està ¡n generalmente asociados con la investigacià ³n cualitativa mientras que el mà ©todo deductivo està ¡ asociado frecuentemente con la investigacià ³n cuantitativa. Los cientà ­ficos sociales en salud que utilizan abordajes cualitativos enfrentan en la actualidad problemas epistemolà ³gicos y metodolà ³gicos que tienen que ver con el poder y la à ©tica en la generacià ³n de datos asà ­ como con la validez externa de los mismos2. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa es aquella en la que se recogen y analizan datos cuantitativos sobre variables. La investigacià ³n cualitativa evita la cuantificacià ³n. Los investigadores cualitativos hacen registros narrativos de los fenà ³menos que son estudiados mediante tà ©cnicas como la observacià ³n participante y las entrevistas no estructuradas3. La diferencia fundamental entre ambas metodologà ­as es que la cuantitativa estudia la asociacià ³n o relacià ³n entre variables cuantificadas y la cualitativa lo hace en contextos estructurales y situacionales4. La investigacià ³n cualitativa trata de identificar la naturaleza profunda de las realidades, su sistema de relaciones, su estructura dinà ¡mica. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa trata de determinar la fuerza de asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n entre variables, la generalizacià ³n y objetivacià ³n de los resultados a travà ©s de una muestra para hacer inferencia a una poblacià ³n de la cual toda muestra p rocede. Tras el estudio de la asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n pretende, a su vez, hacer inferencia causal que explique por quà © las cosas suceden o no de una forma determinada. Las diferencias mà ¡s ostensibles entre ambas metodologà ­as se muestran en la tabla 1 5-6. Los fundamentos de la metodologà ­a cuantitativa podemos encontrarlos en el positivismo que surge en el primer tercio del siglo XIX como una reaccià ³n ante el empirismo que se dedicaba a recoger datos sin introducir los conocimientos mà ¡s allà ¡ del campo de la observacià ³n. Alguno de los cientà ­ficos de esta à ©poca dedicados a temas relacionados con las ciencias de la salud son Pasteur y Claude Bernard, siendo este à ºltimo el que propuso la experimentacià ³n en medicina1. A principios del siglo XX, surge el neopositivismo o positivismo là ³gico siendo una de las aportaciones mà ¡s importantes la induccià ³n probabilà ­stica.

The History of Oppressed Puerto Rico :: Historical Spanish Essays

The History of Oppressed Puerto Rico Jesus Colon, in â€Å"How to Know the Puerto Ricans,† makes a statement that I believe explains and articulates the effect centuries of exploitation has had on Puerto Rico, and on the identity of Puerto Ricans. He writes, â€Å"So when you come to knock at the door of a Puerto Rican home you will be encountered by this feeling in the Puerto Rican-sometimes unconscious in himself-of having been taken for a ride for centuries.†(Santiago, 71) This assertion is appropriate and logical in the sense that Puerto Rico was invaded, ruled, and exploited by the Spaniards from 1508 until July 1898 when the Spanish flag was lowered and the United States began its invasion. With the exclusion of the aristocrats, who were either directly from Spain or criollos , there was complete oppression in Puerto Rico during the time it was a Spanish colony. The history of Puerto Rico under Spanish rule is useful in understanding the formation of Puerto Rican identity and in understanding some of the literature written by Puerto Ricans regarding issues of identity. The numerous historical, economical, social, and political circumstances of Puerto Rico as a colony has affected identity formation of its people. In 1508, Ponce de Leon led the arrival of Spanish into Puerto Rico. Between the years of 1511-1513, Taà ­nos fought against the Spaniards because they were taking away the Taà ­no culture. An outright rebellion with guerrilla warfare occurred in 1511 and then 1513-1514 experienced a lessening of this overt manner of rebellion and a conversion to more evasive and passive forms of resistance (Figueroa, Sept. 22). Among Puerto Ricans, especially the jibaros , there was a great amount of anti-state, anti-Spanish sentiment. However, the plebian peasantry (jibaros) erected a faà §ade that they were following Spanish authorities' orders, although in reality the peasants discounted and discredited the orders of the Spaniards (Figueroa, Sept. 22). By presenting this faà §ade, the authorities falsely believed that the peasantry was not going to cause problems and would be loyal to Spain and its delegates. From 1650 until 100 years later, â€Å"relative isolation from the international economy fostered the growth of an independent, racially mixed peasantry whose contact with the outside world was limited to occasional contraband trade with foreigners.†(Scarano, 4) Despite evidence that it would be unsuccessful, the Spanish government tried to create a plantation labor force from the peasantry. This would

Otherwise Commentary

Otherwise Commentary The poem Otherwise is short, simple and eloquent. The author, Cilla McQueen, describes two lovers that are located on â€Å"opposite† sides of the world. McQueen uses the title to emphasize the conflicts. The speaker’s emotions are expressed through two main themes; love and distance. Imagery and diction maximize the emotions associated with these themes. Additionally, she uses many literary devices throughout the poem for effect. From the onset, the title Otherwise is vital to the poem foreshadowing conflict, contrast and turmoil. The word sets the scene for two different sides of love. In this case, love is not presented as joyful and precarious but rather as agonizing and painful due to distance. It is the title that influences the structure of the poem and emphasizes the contrasting ideas. A physical divide can be observed between the conscious state of reality, stanza 1, and the subconscious state of dream, stanza 2; each stanza representing two very different perspectives of love. Finally, the title is intimately connected to the poem as it is echoed and punctuated in line 5, â€Å"where water spirals and the moon waxes otherwise. † The main themes found in the poem revolve around love and distance. Love is the predominant theme. It is the distance that causes the suffering and the agony. The poem opens with the speaker stating, â€Å"I come from an opposite country from yours†. The reader is immediately involved in the love story understanding that the lovers are located in different countries as mentioned in line 6 â€Å"stars assemble in unfamiliar patterns†. Constellations give different perspectives depending on where one is in the world. The distance quantified by the footnote clarifies the â€Å"opposite country† means â€Å"the speaker comes from the other hemisphere. This vast distance can infer that the lovers are from different cultures. As the speaker’s love for her lover becomes apparent so too does the distress and torment that the couple faces due to both physical and emotional distance. McQueen uses imagery and diction to accentuate the contrasts between the state of reality, stanza 1, and the state of dream, stanza 2. The author util izes simple structure coupled with a rich, descriptive vocabulary to compare the speaker’s life at present to a metaphorical life with her lover in the future. She parallels her life to â€Å"water spirals†. The water spirals represent the circular pattern of the speaker’s life. This monotone pattern is due to the longing for her lover. The spiral revolves around a central point; for the speaker this central point is her lover living on another hemisphere. The reader imagines the speaker’s daily activities to be repetitive, dull and without purpose as she awaits her lover’s arrival. This metaphor symbolizes the complexity of both love and nature; both elements are beautiful in all their intricacies. On the contrary, the second stanza presents the desired, hoped for, dream images, â€Å"we would walk together quietly right to the very end†. This passage incorporates the â€Å"would† aspect to illustrate that this is a metaphysical situation conjuring up a happy and hopeful image of the two lovers walking along the beach until â€Å"the end†, death. These powerful images and choice of words underline the differences between the state of reality and the state of dream effectively expressing how painful it is to be apart and the bliss of being together forever. The scenes are vivid and clear making the reader feel empathy for the speaker. There are a variety of literary devices that emphasize certain aspects of the poem. Firstly, the speaker expresses his thoughts in the first person; the verses are free. There is no iambic pentameter or rhyming pattern. This style gives a conversational, intimate tone; as if the reader is eavesdropping in on the two lovers. Secondly, this informal tone is contrasted by the formal and decisive shape of the poem. Furthermore, it is evident by the physical appearance of the poem that that a conflict of the settings exists, â€Å"I watch often not traffic or television but hour by hour the huge tide†. The speaker compares two different lifestyles; one of the speaker situated on a coast; soothing, relaxing and simple. Meanwhile her lover is located in a city; loud, tense and complex. The physical divide in the poem presents the conflict in the settings inferring the conflict in the relationship. This conflict is reflected by the change in tone from stanza 1 to stanza 2. The first stanza is full of facts as she sadly describes her reality while the second stanza is full of emotions and hope expressing the metaphysical situation the lovers would be in if united. If you were with me now† underlines the ambiguity of when â€Å"now† will come. As the author guides the reader through the relationship, she dreams of the setting and activities giving hope that the lovers â€Å"would† do such things once together. An interesting simile is used if and when the speaker’s lover comes back to her â€Å"favorite beach†. This symbolizes home, the nest; the beach represents for the speaker a place of nurturing, peace, safety and joy. Enjambment is also used effectively to communicate the flow of feelings. This device along with little punctuation enables the reader to advance without limits. The only punctuation is found in the form of a few periods to permit the reader to pause but no capitals follow such as, â€Å"sliding through. if you were here†. This technique permits thoughts to continue. Moreover, alliteration is used throughout the poem. The letter â€Å"w† suggests soothing and comforting feelings, such as, â€Å"where water†, â€Å"waxes†, â€Å"were with†, â€Å"walk†, â€Å"wheel†, and â€Å"we would walk†. This reassuring sound represents what love is supposed to be warm, kind and supportive. All of the above devices combined make the complex concepts of love and distance clear and very well thought out. In conclusion, McQueen does a brilliant job at expressing the abovementioned two themes using the title to foreshadow, imagery and diction to empathize with the speaker and the many literary devices to present the emotions of the desperate speaker yearning for her lover to return. All devices are masterfully coordinated to show the sad reality of the speaker’s life and the hope of being reunited with her lover. (1037)

William Wilberforce: the Christian Politician: a Look at How His Faith Influenced His Career and the Abolishment of Slavery

| William Wilberforce: The Christian Politician| A Look at How His Faith Influenced His Career and the Abolishment of Slavery| | â€Å"They took me in the night, ripped me away from my family. Tried my wrists and took my dignity. I was sold for coins like we sell cattle; my ‘owner’ led me to a ship with hundreds more like me, I was cuffed to another, feet to wrists to neck. We were forced on board and sent in between decks and into apartments.As we set out for sea and the days pass, at night I lay in my own waste and during the day I feel nothing but pain and hear nothing but the splash of the waves and the moaning of the others† (Falconbridge 1788) (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). This account of the experience of a slave does not come close to enforcing the reality of the brutality of what these slaves went through. This is, however, what William Wilberforce spent his entire political career, and until his death, to abolish.Through his faith and prominence in the British g overnment in the late 1700s through to the early 1800s he was determined to end this brutality against fellow human beings. In the film Amazing Grace, Wilberforce’ political career was depicted as a great success by his belief in God, his determination, ability to speak in public persuasively with prominence and passion, and the support of his friends and wife; and in this success he was able to fulfill his dream and calling to forever abolish slave trade in the British Empire.In the 2006 film Amazing Grace, director Michael Apted, tells the story of William Wilberforce and his journey from becoming an evangelical Christian and politician, through his movement in parliament for the abolishment of slavery to his success in the abolishment and his death. His character and career is beautifully depicted through his acts and in the way works his way through British parliament in order to fulfill his dream (or calling) of ending the transatlantic slave trade. The film also depicts the influence different people had in his life as a Christian politician.Since his birth in 1759 he lived in pre-Victorian England until his death in 1833. He was actively taking part in parliament from 1780 to 1825, which was time where the upper-class expressed outward Christianity, but also took part in gambling and duelling (White 2008). In 1787 was when Wilberforce seriously started to take part in government; wrote in his diary: â€Å"God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners† (Windschuttle 2008) (Colson and Morse 2007); these are the two things he would eventually make a great difference in.At the start of his career in 1780, Wilberforce was just like the other upper-class men in high positions. He visited gentleman’s clubs almost every night, gambling and drinking late into the night. He also became famous for singing at the parties he went to and had a good singing voice (Windschuttle 2 008). Wilberforce converted to evangelical Christianity at the age of twenty six. â€Å"He underwent a process of self-examination, doubt, agony and awakening† (Windschuttle 2008). In the film, he was sitting in a field behind his house early in the morning.He was confused, but sure that faith was the path he was supposed to take, and he professed this in a letter to his good friend and soon to be Prime Minister of England, William Pitt (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). Pitt wanted Wilberforce on his side in government, so he introduced him to some people, including Thomas Clarkson, a slave trade abolitionist all over the world, and Olaudah Equiano, an African who was taken into slavery as a child, bought his freedom and wrote an account of his own experiences in his autobiography called The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equian.This introduction would be the beginning of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. It was this new committee that opened Wilberforceâ €™s eyes to the possibility of combining his new found faith in evangelical Christianity with his passion for politics. A key belief of evangelism was the idea of providence; that God in involved in every aspect and event in life, no matter how small. For Wilberforce, God gave him a seat in parliament for a reason: â€Å"God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners† (Windschuttle 2008).With these two visions in mind he set out with his team to end slavery for once and for all, but it would not be an easy journey, as is depicted in the film. Wilberforce spent over twenty years on this mission, fighting both members of opposition parties in the House of Commons as well as illness and bad physical health (Colson and Morse 2007). Wilberforce also sought out the advice of John Newton, a previous slave ship captain and the writer of the inspiring hymn â€Å"Amazing Grace†. The song itself was quite pr ominent in the film.Not only because it is the title of the film, but also because it can be seen as the anthem for anti-slavery. The song was an inspiration, and a symbol of a new beginning; it can be heard in its lyrics and it can be seen in the events of the film. At the first meeting with Newton, Wilberforce was looking for the advice of a troubled man, one who was â€Å"†¦in the company of twenty thousand Africans† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006) and haunted by his past, yet unable to speak of the horrors he caused.Although Newton did not share his experience with Wilberforce, he did encourage him to take on the challenge that God has set before him by saying â€Å"you have work to do† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006), â€Å"Newton calmed Wilberforce and strengthened his resolve, urging him to combine his new religious beliefs with his existing political career† (Windschuttle 2008). With this conformation of what to do, Wilberforce was ready to take on the abolition of the s lave trade. Wilberforce’s character was attractively depicted in the film.Stating out with his love for animals early on in the film, even in his form of ill wealth, he was willing to get out in the rain to defend a horse that was being beaten (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). His love for animals can be seen throughout the whole film, including multiple dogs and a rabbit. The passion Wilberforce felt for animals, though, does not come close to what he felt for the rights of human beings. A glimpse of this can be seen when Prince William, the Duke of Clarence calls his slave into the club where they were gambling.This inhumanity offended Wilberforce to the point that he could not be in the same building as the Duke and ended the game (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). This was also where he had his revelation of what he should fight for, who he should fight for. To change society is to change the minds and actions of the public. For Wilberforce the key to this layed in the concept of evangelical Chri stianity; â€Å"Evangelicals also believed Christian principles should be applied to all areas of life. Worldly indulgences were to be avoided and leisure was an opportunity not for entertainment but personal renewal† (Windschuttle 2008).This then, left no room for the things that Wilberforce himself once indulged in such as gambling and drunkenness. Britain’s upper-class morality was in decline, so Wilberforce had a proclamation issued by King George ?, with the help of his friend and Prime Minister Pitt and the Archbishop of Canterbury, denouncing impiety and extravagance (Windschuttle 2008) and organized the organization called â€Å"Society for Giving Effect to His Majesty's Proclamation against Vice and Immorality†.This would be the first steps he took towards his goal of the Abolition; Wilberforce needed to â€Å"purify† the minds of society, before he could open their eyes to the inhumanity of the transatlantic slave trade because only when they ar e moral beings with value for life, will they understand the horrors their indulgences (such as sugar) cause. â€Å"It was Wilberforce’s aim to reform the middle and upper classes, and thus end slavery and improve morality† (White 2008).In the film Wilberforce introduces the â€Å"Madagascar†, a slave ship, to a group of upper-class philanthropists as part of his quest to reach out to people about morality and slavery, urging them to open their minds and hearts to the suffering of the slaves being transported in these ships. He shows them the shackles and explains the smell coming from the ship as â€Å"the smell of death† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). Although, this scene may not be historically accurate in that it may not have happened, the truth is distorted in order to show the importance of reaching the upper-class and the opening of their eyes and minds to the pain their luxury caused.In 1797 Wilberforce wrote a book called A Practical View of the Prevailin g Religious Systems of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes in this Country Contrasted with Real Christianity whose message spread like wild fire among the middle and upper class society. His rhetoric as well as his writing transformed the way society thought of social matters such as slavery and human rights (and animal rights too! ). Throughout his ventures in reaching out to the public, Wilberforce always kept in mind the will of God, and the goals that He has set before him.And in doing so, he realised, that one task cannot be done without the other as one member of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade said (in the film) â€Å"If you make the world better in one way, it becomes better in every way†, a statement that is bold, and yet, have truth to it. Change in the world may not always come easy or with immediate results, but no matter how small or big the change, someone will benefit or experience some form of loss from it. For Wilberforceà ¢â‚¬â„¢ society, â€Å"culture needed to change if politics were to change.And only in this cultural change would a society have hope for its future† (White 2008). Wilberforce’s wife, Barbara Spooner, was a great source of inspiration to him in finishing his work for the Abolition. As portrayed in the film, Wilberforce seemed to have given up, until he met the younger Miss. Spooner. She urged him to talk and share his thoughts about the slave trade and ultimately convinced him to give the Abolishment another try (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). She was also there for him during the worst times of his sickness, and the mother of his children.Perseverance was another aspect that pushed Wilberforce to continue. The lawyer James Stephen proposed a change of tactics for the abolitionists. â€Å"Cheating†, according to the film was the new tactic. They would propose a different bill as a start to soften up to House members: The Foreign Slave Trade Bill. This bill would ban the B rits from helping or participating in the slave trade to the French colonies. This was a clever move since the majority of British ships were raising American flags and supplying slaves to foreign colonies with who Britain was at war with (Ioan Gruffudd 2006).The ban would decrease the profits of the captains and various business men and negatively affect the investors who were also involved in the House of Commons. Following this bill was The Slave Trade Act, â€Å"in 1807, Wilberforce finally succeeded in passing a law to end the slave trade. But, his work came to full fruition only in the year of his death, 1833, when all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated† (White 2008). The film makes a great point of the importance of determination and passion for success.These factors are of great importance for promoting positive social change, whether is it the abolition of slave trade or saving child soldiers in Uganda. No cause is small enough to ignore or give up on when it involves the life of a living, breathing being. The film places a great amount of emphasis on the role of Wilberforce in the abolition because he can be seen as a wonderful role model and example for leaders and humanitarians. Although Wilberforce was certainly not the only person nvolved in the abolition of the slave trade, there is surely something to be learned from him. They can learn from his passion, commitment and also from his love for all living things, and made a difference in society, not with a hidden agenda, but with an open heart and mind, the way a Christian should. God sat two tasks before Wilberforce: to reform society, back to one with proper Christian morals and values, and the abolishment of the slave trade. Without a doubt Wilberforce succeeded in both of these tasks, but it was not an easy road to success.Fighting through chronic illness and parliament he fought for about fifty years to complete his calling, but he did not do it without help. His talent for rhetoric and public speaking was his gateway to success, and with the help of many friends including Clarkson, Pitt, Newton, his wife Barbara and the Will of God, he was able to put a stop to the inhumanity of the transatlantic slave trade and the horrors that came with it. He was able to die in peace, knowing that he fulfilled the tasks that he was destined to. Bibliography Colson, Charles, and Anne Morse. The Wilberforce Strategy: Britain's great abolitionist worked to change society's values, not just its laws. † Christianity Today, 2007: 132-318. Falconbridge, Alexander. An Account of Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa. London: James Phillips, 1788. Amazing Grace. Directed by Michael Apted. Performed by Albert Finney, Michael Gambon Ioan Gruffudd. 2006. White, John. â€Å"Christian Responsibility to Reform Society: the Example of William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect. † Paternoster Periodicals, 2008: 166-172. Windschuttle, Keith. â€Å"William Wilberforce: The Great Emancipator. New Criterion, 2008: 17-24. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I made this viewpoint up, with the help of the contents in â€Å"An Account of the Slave Trade from the Coast on the Africa† as well as Olaudah Equiano’s account in Amazing Grace. [ 2 ]. It was important for them to connect with the upper-class because that’s where the money and power was, both in terms of authority and of trend. Lower-classes were also reached by Wilberforce and his team and showed great success in changing their society (White 2008).